What does "actus reus" refer to in criminal law?

"Actus reus" is a fundamental concept in criminal law that specifically refers to the physical act or conduct that constitutes a criminal offense. This term captures the tangible action taken by an individual that leads to a crime being committed, distinguishing it from the mental element, or "mens rea," which relates to the intent behind the act.

Understanding actus reus is essential because it establishes the basis for criminal liability; a person must have engaged in a prohibited act for legal repercussions to follow. The elements of actus reus can include not just voluntary actions but also omissions or failures to act in certain situations where the law imposes a duty to do so.

The other aspects mentioned in the question, such as mental state, consequences of a crime, and legal privileges of the defendant, do not align with the specific meaning of "actus reus." While they are all relevant to criminal law, they pertain to different components that constitute criminal liability and do not define the physical act itself.