What is the term for the legal process used to determine a defendant's guilt or innocence?

The legal process used to determine a defendant's guilt or innocence is called a trial. During a trial, evidence is presented, witnesses are heard, and legal arguments are made. This is a formal proceeding that can take place in a courtroom, presided over by a judge, and often involving a jury who will ultimately make a determination regarding the defendant's guilt or innocence based on the evidence and legal standards presented.

Trials are critical components of the judicial system as they uphold due process and the right to a fair hearing. In a trial, both the prosecution and defense have the opportunity to present their cases, challenge the evidence, and ultimately seek a resolution from either the judge or jury.

In contrast, other processes like investigation, arbitration, and mediation serve different functions. An investigation is the preliminary phase of gathering facts and evidence before charges are brought. Arbitration is a method of resolving disputes outside the courts, where an arbitrator makes a binding decision. Mediation involves a neutral third party helping disputing parties reach a voluntary agreement. These processes do not serve the purpose of formally determining guilt or innocence in criminal matters as a trial does.